How are you in hindi language – Beginning with the essential phrase “How are you?” in Hindi, this comprehensive guide delves into the nuances of polite conversation in the Hindi language. We will explore the cultural significance of this greeting, its variations depending on formality and context, and provide practical tips for effective communication in Hindi-speaking environments.
– Elaborate on the contributions of key figures in the development of the Hindi language.
Hindi, an Indo-Aryan language, has evolved over centuries through the contributions of several key figures who shaped its grammar, vocabulary, and literary tradition.
Contributions of Key Figures, How are you in hindi language
- Amir Khusrau (1253-1325):A Sufi poet and musician, Khusrau blended Persian and Indian elements in his poetry, enriching the Hindi vocabulary and introducing new literary forms.
- Tulsidas (1532-1623):Known for his epic poem “Ramcharitmanas,” Tulsidas popularized the Awadhi dialect of Hindi and established the Ramayana as a central text in Hindu culture.
- Kabir (1440-1518):A mystic poet, Kabir’s teachings emphasized universal brotherhood and criticized religious dogma, influencing the development of the Sant tradition in Hindi literature.
li> Bharatendu Harishchandra (1850-1885):A pioneer of modern Hindi literature, Bharatendu wrote plays, poems, and essays that promoted the use of Hindi as a literary and national language.
Formal vs. Informal Hindi
Formal and informal Hindi are two distinct registers of the Hindi language that differ in vocabulary, grammar, and usage. Formal Hindi is used in formal settings, such as official documents, academic writing, and public speeches, while informal Hindi is used in everyday conversation and casual writing.
Vocabulary
Formal Hindi uses a more elaborate vocabulary than informal Hindi. For example, the formal word for “you” is “aap,” while the informal word is “tum.” Formal Hindi also uses more Sanskrit-derived words, while informal Hindi uses more words of Prakrit origin.
Grammar
Formal Hindi has a more complex grammar than informal Hindi. For example, formal Hindi uses a more elaborate system of verb conjugations, and it uses more complex sentence structures.
Usage
Formal Hindi is used in formal settings, such as official documents, academic writing, and public speeches. Informal Hindi is used in everyday conversation and casual writing.
Cultural Context
The use of formal or informal Hindi is determined by the cultural context. In general, formal Hindi is used in situations where there is a need to show respect or deference. Informal Hindi is used in situations where there is a need to be more casual or familiar.
Historical Evolution
Formal and informal Hindi have evolved over time. Formal Hindi is based on the literary language of the Mughal period, while informal Hindi is based on the spoken language of the common people.
Table of Key Differences
The following table summarizes the key differences between formal and informal Hindi:| Feature | Formal Hindi | Informal Hindi ||—|—|—|| Vocabulary | More elaborate | More colloquial || Grammar | More complex | Simpler || Usage | Formal settings | Informal settings |
Role of Hindi Cinema
Hindi cinema has played a major role in shaping informal Hindi. Hindi films have popularized informal Hindi phrases and expressions, and they have helped to spread informal Hindi to all parts of India.
Future of Formal and Informal Hindi
The future of formal and informal Hindi is uncertain. Some linguists believe that formal Hindi will eventually die out, while others believe that it will continue to be used in formal settings. Informal Hindi is likely to continue to be the dominant register of Hindi in everyday conversation and casual writing.
Regional Variations
Hindi, as a language spoken across India, exhibits a rich diversity in its regional variations. These variations are influenced by geographical, cultural, and historical factors, resulting in distinct dialects with unique characteristics.
Among the major regional variations of Hindi are Khariboli, Braj Bhasha, and Hindustani.
Khariboli
- Spoken in the Delhi-Meerut region, Khariboli forms the basis of Standard Hindi, the official language of India.
- It is characterized by a simplified grammar and a vocabulary that draws heavily from Sanskrit.
- Example: “Kya haal hai?” (How are you?)
Braj Bhasha
- Spoken in the Braj region of Uttar Pradesh, Braj Bhasha is a literary language with a rich cultural heritage.
- It is known for its lyrical qualities and is often used in poetry and devotional songs.
- Example: “Tum kaise ho?” (How are you?)
Hindustani
- Hindustani is a colloquial form of Hindi spoken in North India and Pakistan.
- It is a blend of Khariboli and Urdu, with influences from Persian and Arabic.
- Example: “Aap kaise hain?” (How are you?)
Cultural Significance
Hindi, as the official language of India, plays a pivotal role in shaping the country’s cultural identity. It is a language deeply intertwined with India’s history, traditions, and artistic expressions.
Hindi in Literature
Hindi literature boasts a rich history spanning centuries, with renowned works like Premchand’s “Gaban” and Munshi Premchand’s “Godan” shaping the development of Hindi prose. These literary masterpieces explore themes of social realism, human emotions, and the complexities of Indian society, contributing to the cultural heritage of India.
Hindi in Cinema
Hindi cinema, known as Bollywood, has a global reach and has significantly influenced Indian culture. Hindi dialogues, songs, and storylines resonate with audiences across the country, reinforcing cultural values and shaping societal norms. Films like “Mother India” and “Sholay” have become iconic symbols of Indian cinema, showcasing the power of Hindi as a medium of storytelling.
Hindi in Music
Hindi music encompasses a diverse range of genres, from classical to folk to contemporary pop. Classical forms like Hindustani music have a rich history and are closely tied to Indian spirituality and traditions. Folk music, such as Rajasthani folk songs, preserves regional cultural heritage and showcases the vibrant diversity of India.
Hindi in Other Cultural Expressions
Hindi’s influence extends beyond literature, cinema, and music. It is used in theater, dance, and visual arts, shaping these forms of expression and connecting them to the broader Indian cultural landscape. Hindi plays, like those by Girish Karnad, explore social and political issues, while dance forms like Kathak incorporate Hindi lyrics and narratives.In conclusion, Hindi holds immense cultural significance in Indian society.
It is a language that has shaped the country’s cultural identity, influencing and being influenced by various art forms and cultural practices. Through its rich literature, vibrant cinema, diverse music, and presence in other cultural expressions, Hindi continues to play a vital role in shaping India’s cultural heritage.
Hindi Grammar: How Are You In Hindi Language
Hindi grammar is a complex and fascinating system that governs the structure and usage of the Hindi language. It is similar to other Indo-Aryan languages in many respects, but it also has its own unique features.
Parts of Speech
Hindi has eight parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
- Nouns are used to name people, places, things, and ideas.
- Pronouns are used to replace nouns.
- Adjectives are used to describe nouns.
- Verbs are used to express actions or states of being.
- Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
- Prepositions are used to show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence.
- Conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, or clauses.
- Interjections are used to express strong emotions.
Verb Conjugation
Hindi verbs are conjugated to indicate tense, mood, and aspect. There are three main tenses: present, past, and future. There are also four moods: indicative, imperative, subjunctive, and conditional. And there are three aspects: simple, progressive, and perfect.
The following table shows the conjugation of the verb “karna” (to do) in the present tense:
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| First | karta hun | karte hain |
| Second | karta hai | karte ho |
| Third | karta hai | karte hain |
Sentence Structure
Hindi sentences are typically structured in a subject-verb-object order. However, the order of the words can be changed for emphasis or clarity.
The following is an example of a simple Hindi sentence:
मैं किताब पढ़ता हूँ।
This sentence means “I read a book.” The subject is “मैं” (I), the verb is “पढ़ता हूँ” (read), and the object is “किताब” (book).
Use of Hindi Grammatical Structures in Everyday Conversation
Hindi grammatical structures are used in everyday conversation to express a wide range of meanings. For example, the use of the present tense can be used to describe actions that are happening now, while the use of the past tense can be used to describe actions that happened in the past.
The use of the future tense can be used to describe actions that will happen in the future.
The use of the indicative mood can be used to express facts, while the use of the imperative mood can be used to express commands. The use of the subjunctive mood can be used to express wishes or desires, while the use of the conditional mood can be used to express hypothetical situations.
The use of prepositions can be used to show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence. For example, the preposition “से” (from) can be used to show the source of something, while the preposition “को” (to) can be used to show the destination of something.
The use of conjunctions can be used to connect words, phrases, or clauses. For example, the conjunction “और” (and) can be used to connect two words or phrases, while the conjunction “लेकिन” (but) can be used to connect two clauses.
The use of interjections can be used to express strong emotions. For example, the interjection “वाह” (wow) can be used to express surprise, while the interjection “अरे” (hey) can be used to get someone’s attention.
Hindi Vocabulary
Hindi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by over 500 million people worldwide. It is the official language of India and is also spoken in many other countries, including Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Mauritius. Hindi is a rich and expressive language with a vast vocabulary.
The following is a comprehensive list of common Hindi vocabulary words and their English translations.
The vocabulary is categorized into different topics, such as daily life, food, travel, and business. Each topic includes a table that lists the Hindi word, its English translation, and an example sentence using the word. A pronunciation guide is also provided for each Hindi word.
Daily Life
The following table lists some common Hindi vocabulary words related to daily life.
| Hindi Word | English Translation | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|
| नमस्ते (namaste) | Hello | नमस्ते, मेरा नाम राहुल है। (namaste, mera naam rahul hai.) |
| सुप्रभात (suprabhat) | Good morning | सुप्रभात, आप कैसे हैं? (suprabhat, aap kaise hain?) |
| शुभ रात्रि (shubh ratri) | Good night | शुभ रात्रि, मीठे सपने लें। (shubh ratri, meethay sapne lein.) |
| धन्यवाद (dhanyavaad) | Thank you | धन्यवाद, आपका बहुत-बहुत धन्यवाद। (dhanyavaad, aapka bahut-bahut dhanyavaad.) |
| क्षमा करें (kshama karen) | Excuse me | क्षमा करें, क्या आप मुझे रास्ता बता सकते हैं? (kshama karen, kya aap mujhe rasta bata sakte hain?) |
Hindi Pronunciation
Hindi pronunciation is crucial for effective communication in the language. This section provides a comprehensive guide to the basic rules of Hindi pronunciation, covering vowel sounds, consonant sounds, and intonation. An interactive pronunciation guide with audio recordings of Hindi words and phrases is also included, along with tips for improving pronunciation for non-native speakers.
Vowel Sounds
Hindi has 13 vowel sounds, which are classified as short and long. Short vowels are pronounced for a shorter duration, while long vowels are held for a longer period.
- Short Vowels:अ (a), इ (i), उ (u), ऋ (ri), लृ (lu)
- Long Vowels:आ (aa), ई (ee), ऊ (oo), ए (ai), ओ (au)
Consonant Sounds
Hindi has 33 consonant sounds, which are classified into voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated. Voiced consonants involve the vibration of vocal cords, while voiceless consonants do not. Aspirated consonants are pronounced with a puff of air, while unaspirated consonants are not.
- Voiced Consonants:ग (ga), ज (ja), ड (da), ब (ba)
- Voiceless Consonants:क (ka), च (cha), ट (ta), प (pa)
- Aspirated Consonants:ख (kha), छ (chha), ठ (tha), फ (pha)
- Unaspirated Consonants:क (ka), च (cha), ट (ta), प (pa)
Intonation
Intonation plays a significant role in Hindi pronunciation, affecting the meaning of words and sentences. Hindi intonation patterns can vary depending on the region and context.
- Rising Intonation:Used to indicate a question or surprise.
- Falling Intonation:Used to indicate a statement or command.
- Neutral Intonation:Used in neutral statements or when listing items.
Hindi Conversation
Engaging in Hindi conversation requires an understanding of not only the language’s grammar and vocabulary but also the cultural etiquette and social norms that shape its usage. This section provides a comprehensive guide to Hindi conversation, covering common scenarios, sample dialogues, cultural nuances, key phrases, common mistakes, and a short story that showcases the intricacies of Hindi conversation.
Common Hindi Conversation Scenarios
Common Hindi conversation scenarios include greetings, introductions, asking for directions, making requests, expressing opinions, and engaging in small talk. Understanding the appropriate phrases and expressions for each scenario is essential for effective communication.
| Scenario | Key Phrases and Expressions |
|---|---|
| Greetings |
Kya haal hai? (How are you?) |
| Introductions |
Aap ka naam kya hai? (What is your name?) Aap kaise hain? (How are you?) |
| Asking for Directions | Kya aap mujhe [place] ka raasta bata sakte hain? (Can you tell me the way to [place]?) Vahan kaise pahunchu? (How do I get there?) Idhar se kitni door hai? (How far is it from here?) |
| Making Requests | Kya aap [request] kar sakte hain? (Can you please [request]?)
Kya aap mera [item] la sakte hain? (Can you bring me [item]?) |
| Expressing Opinions | Mujhe लगता है कि… (I think that…) मेरी राय में… (In my opinion…) मुझे पसंद है… (I like…) |
| Small Talk |
Aap ka din kaisa guzara? (How was your day?) Kya aapने फिल्म देखी? (Have you seen the movie?) |
Cultural Etiquette and Social Norms
When engaging in Hindi conversation, it is important to be aware of the cultural etiquette and social norms that shape its usage.
These include:
- Greetings should be respectful and appropriate for the context.
- It is considered polite to use formal language in certain situations, such as when speaking to elders or in professional settings.
- Non-verbal cues, such as body language and eye contact, play a significant role in Hindi conversation.
li>It is important to be patient and understanding when communicating with non-native speakers.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
To avoid misunderstandings and maintain a positive tone in Hindi conversation, it is important to be aware of common mistakes that non-native speakers often make. These include:
- Using the wrong verb tense or grammatical structure
- Mispronouncing words or using incorrect intonation
- Using inappropriate or offensive language
- Not understanding the cultural context of certain phrases or expressions
- Speaking too quickly or too slowly
Short Story
To illustrate the nuances of Hindi conversation, consider the following short story:
In a bustling market, a young woman named Priya approached a vendor selling colorful bangles. She greeted him with a warm “Namaste” and asked, “Kya aap mujhe in chudiyon ke baare mein bata sakte hain?” (Can you tell me about these bangles?) The vendor, a friendly man named Ramesh, replied with a smile, “Aapko konsi chudiyan pasand hain? (Which bangles do you like?)” Priya pointed to a pair of silver bangles and said, “Ye chudiyan bahut sundar hain. (These bangles are very beautiful.)” Ramesh agreed, “Haan, ye chudiyan chaandi ki bani hui hain. (Yes, these bangles are made of silver.)” Priya asked about the price, and Ramesh told her, “In chudiyon ki keemat 100 rupay hai. (The price of these bangles is 100 rupees.)” Priya thought for a moment and then said, “Thik hai, main in chudiyon ko leti hun. (Okay, I will take these bangles.)” Ramesh thanked her for her purchase and wished her a good day.
This short story demonstrates the use of common Hindi conversation scenarios, such as greetings, introductions, asking for information, and making a purchase. It also highlights the importance of cultural etiquette, such as using respectful language and understanding the context of the conversation.
– Describe the Devanagari script used to write Hindi, including its unique characters and vowel markings.
The Devanagari script is an abugida, a type of writing system in which each consonant has an inherent vowel, and vowel marks are used to indicate changes to the inherent vowel.
The Devanagari script is used to write Hindi, Sanskrit, Marathi, Nepali, and several other languages of India and Nepal.
Unique Characters
The Devanagari script has 33 consonants, 10 vowels, and several vowel modifiers.
The consonants are divided into five groups, based on their place of articulation:
- Gutturals: क ख ग घ ङ
- Palatals: च छ ज झ ञ
- Cerebrals: ट ठ ड ढ ण
- Labials: प फ ब भ म
li>Dentals: त थ द ध न
The vowels are: अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ऌ ॡ ॡ
Vowel Markings
The inherent vowel of a consonant is अ. To change the vowel, a vowel mark is added to the consonant.
The vowel marks are:
- अ – no mark
- आ – ा
- इ – ि
- ई – ी
- उ – ु
- ऊ – ऊ
- ऋ – ृ
- ऌ – ऌ
- ॡ – ॡ
- ॡ – ॡ
Rules for Writing Hindi Words and Sentences
To write Hindi words and sentences correctly, the following rules must be followed:
- Consonants are always written with their inherent vowel.
- Vowel marks are added to consonants to change the inherent vowel.
- Words are written from left to right.
- Sentences are separated by a space.
Examples of Hindi Words and Sentences
- क – ka
- का – kaa
- कि – ki
- की – kii
- कु – ku
- कू – kuu
- कृ – kru
- क्री – kree
- कलम – kalam (pen)
- किताब – kitaab (book)
- लड़का – laṛkaa (boy)
- लड़की – laṛkii (girl)
History and Development of the Devanagari Script
The Devanagari script is believed to have evolved from the Brahmi script, which was used in ancient India.
The earliest known inscriptions in Devanagari date from the 7th century AD.
The Devanagari script has undergone several changes over the centuries, but it has retained its basic structure.
Use of the Devanagari Script in Other Languages
The Devanagari script is used to write several languages of India and Nepal, including:
- Hindi
- Sanskrit
- Marathi
- Nepali
- Konkani
- Bhojpuri
- Maithili
Hindi Literature
Hindi literature has a rich tradition spanning centuries, with a diverse range of genres, authors, and works. It is renowned for its lyrical beauty, profound themes, and cultural significance.
Major Genres
Hindi literature encompasses various genres, including poetry, prose, drama, and folk literature. Poetry holds a prominent place, with forms such as ghazals, dohas, and kavittas. Prose includes novels, short stories, and essays, while drama includes plays and theatrical performances. Folk literature comprises traditional tales, songs, and proverbs.
Hindi Cinema
Hindi cinema, often referred to as Bollywood, holds immense significance in Indian culture and has gained global recognition. It is a thriving industry that produces a vast number of films annually, captivating audiences with its vibrant storytelling, music, and dance.
The Hindi phrase “aap kaise hain” translates to “how are you” in English. Interestingly, the language spoken in France is French. What language is spoken in france is a question that is often asked by tourists and visitors to the country.
French is the official language of France and is spoken by the vast majority of the population. However, there are also a number of regional languages spoken in France, including Breton, Catalan, Corsican, and Basque.
Hindi films encompass a wide range of genres, including romantic comedies, action thrillers, historical dramas, and social commentaries. They often explore themes of love, family, friendship, and societal issues, resonating deeply with Indian audiences. Bollywood films are known for their elaborate song and dance sequences, which are integral to the narrative and add to the entertainment value.
Iconic Hindi Films and their Cultural Impact
Over the years, Hindi cinema has produced numerous iconic films that have left an indelible mark on Indian culture. These films have not only entertained audiences but have also shaped social norms and influenced fashion trends.
- Mother India (1957): This epic drama, directed by Mehboob Khan, depicts the struggles of a single mother in rural India. It is considered one of the greatest Indian films ever made and won the Filmfare Award for Best Film.
- Sholay (1975): Directed by Ramesh Sippy, Sholay is an action-adventure film that follows the story of two criminals hired to capture a notorious bandit. It became a blockbuster hit and is regarded as one of the most influential films in Hindi cinema.
- Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995): This romantic comedy, directed by Aditya Chopra, tells the story of two young Indians who fall in love during a trip to Europe. It was a critical and commercial success and is often credited with popularizing the genre of romantic comedies in Hindi cinema.
- Lagaan (2001): Directed by Ashutosh Gowariker, Lagaan is a historical sports drama set in 1893 India. It tells the story of a group of villagers who challenge their British oppressors to a cricket match. The film won numerous awards, including the Filmfare Award for Best Film.
- 3 Idiots (2009): Directed by Rajkumar Hirani, 3 Idiots is a comedy-drama that follows the lives of three engineering students. It became one of the highest-grossing Indian films of all time and is known for its humorous and thought-provoking exploration of the Indian education system.
Hindi Music
Hindi music is a vibrant and diverse genre that encompasses classical, folk, and popular styles. It plays a significant role in Indian society, serving as a medium for cultural expression, storytelling, and entertainment.The classical tradition of Hindi music, known as Hindustani classical music, is characterized by its complex melodies, intricate rhythms, and improvisational nature.
Folk music, on the other hand, is rooted in the traditions of rural India and often reflects the region’s history, culture, and customs. Popular Hindi music, also known as Bollywood music, is a blend of classical and folk influences, with a focus on catchy melodies, upbeat rhythms, and often romantic lyrics.
When meeting someone in India, it is customary to greet them with the phrase “Kya haal hai?” which means “How are you?” in Hindi. This phrase is a common way to start a conversation and show politeness. Similarly, in Colombia, South America, the official language is Spanish, and the most common way to greet someone is to say “Hola, ¿cómo estás?” which also means “How are you?” To learn more about the language spoken in Colombia, South America, visit this informative article: What Language is Spoken in Colombia, South America.
Famous Hindi Musicians
Some of the most renowned Hindi musicians include:
- Ravi Shankar: Sitar maestro and composer known for popularizing Indian classical music globally.
- Lata Mangeshkar: Playback singer known for her versatility and emotive performances.
- R.D. Burman: Music director known for his innovative compositions and fusion of classical and Western styles.
- A.R. Rahman: Music director and composer known for his eclectic style and fusion of Indian and Western elements.
Hindi Culture
Hindi culture encompasses the diverse cultural practices and traditions of the Hindi-speaking regions of India. It is deeply rooted in the country’s rich history, mythology, and religious beliefs.Hindi plays a vital role in everyday life, festivals, and celebrations. It is used in religious ceremonies, folk songs, traditional dances, and storytelling.
The language is also a medium of communication for expressing emotions, sharing cultural values, and preserving cultural heritage.
Cultural Events and Customs
* Diwali: The festival of lights is celebrated with great enthusiasm in Hindi-speaking regions. People decorate their homes with lights, exchange gifts, and enjoy traditional sweets.
Holi
The festival of colors is a joyous occasion where people of all ages throw colored powder and water at each other.
Raksha Bandhan
This festival celebrates the bond between brothers and sisters. Sisters tie a sacred thread on their brothers’ wrists, symbolizing their love and protection.
Traditional Dance and Music
Hindi culture is renowned for its vibrant dance forms such as Kathak, Bharatanatyam, and Odissi. Folk music genres like Bhangra, Qawwali, and Thumri are also popular.
Pilgrimages
Devout Hindus undertake pilgrimages to holy cities like Varanasi, Ayodhya, and Mathura to seek blessings and connect with their faith.
Traditional Cuisine
Hindi-speaking regions offer a delectable array of dishes, including samosas, chole bhature, and dal makhani. These dishes are often served with rice or roti (flatbread).
Hindi for Beginners
Learning Hindi can be a rewarding experience, opening doors to a rich culture and a vast linguistic landscape. Whether you’re a traveler, a student, or simply curious about this fascinating language, this beginner’s guide will provide you with the essential tools to get started.
Basic Phrases
Start with some essential phrases to break the ice and navigate basic interactions:
Hello
Namaste
Thank you
Dhanyavaad
Yes
Haan
No
Nahi
Please
Kripya karke
Excuse me
Kshama karein
Grammar Basics
Hindi grammar follows a subject-object-verb (SOV) structure. Nouns have two genders (masculine and feminine) and two numbers (singular and plural). Verbs conjugate based on tense, person, and number.
Pronunciation Tips
- Pronounce vowels clearly and distinctly.
- Consonants are often aspirated (pronounced with a puff of air).
- The “r” sound is rolled.
- Stress usually falls on the second-to-last syllable.
Interactive Exercises
- Practice reading and writing the Devanagari script using flashcards or online resources.
- Listen to native speakers and try to identify familiar words and phrases.
- Engage in conversation with a language partner or tutor to improve your fluency.
Resources for Further Learning
Duolingo
A popular language learning app with interactive lessons and gamification.
Memrise
An app that uses spaced repetition to help you memorize vocabulary.
HindiPod101
A comprehensive online resource with lessons, podcasts, and grammar explanations.
Questions Often Asked
What is the most common way to say “How are you?” in Hindi?
The most common way to say “How are you?” in Hindi is “Aap kaise hain?” (formal) or “Tum kaise ho?” (informal).
What is the difference between “Aap kaise hain?” and “Tum kaise ho?”
“Aap kaise hain?” is the formal way to say “How are you?” and is used when speaking to someone you don’t know well, someone older than you, or someone in a position of authority. “Tum kaise ho?” is the informal way to say “How are you?” and is used when speaking to friends, family, or people you are close to.
What are some other ways to say “How are you?” in Hindi?
There are many other ways to say “How are you?” in Hindi, depending on the context and the relationship between the speakers. Some other common ways to say “How are you?” include “Kya haal hai?” (informal), “Kya khabar hai?” (informal), and “Namaskar” (formal).
